The results of a 2012 study – Muscle Activation Patterns During Level Walking and Stair Ambulation, by MG Benedetti et al show that for both stair ascending and descending, the first 3 muscles by order of activation are the erector spinae, gluteus medius and rectus femoris.
For more on the other muscles activated and in which phase of gait they are activated, I recommend the original article here.
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